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日本人が間違いがちな二重否定の文や”the”の使い方などを紹介していますので、論文を書く際の役に立てば幸いです
The definite article “the” is not used with nouns that are followed by a numeral or letter.
The definite article “the” is used to refer to somebody or something that is the only, normal, or obvious one of their kind (e.g., The prime minister of Australia). However, in phrases such as “complex 1” and “group C,” the letter or number appearing after the noun makes the noun unique, thus eliminating the need for an article.
Incorrect: The winner of this leg of the competition is the Team B.
Correct: The winner of this leg of the competition is Team B.↓
よくある間違い
定冠詞 “the” は、数字または文字が後に続く名詞では使用されない
名詞の後に現れる文字や数字がその名詞をユニークなものにするので、冠詞は必要ない
Adult male humans should be referred to as “men” and adult female humans, as “women.” In academic writing, “males” and “females” may refer to individuals of any species or of any age. Hence, being precise is preferred and necessary in academic writing.
Furthermore, individuals who have not yet attained adulthood should be referred to as “boys” and “girls.”
Additionally, if a group contains both children and adults, they are collectively described using the adult-appropriate terms.
↓成人男性は”men”、成人女性は”women”と表記する
成人していない人は “boys” “girls”と表記する
“males” や “females” はあらゆる種や年代を包括する概念のため、より正確にすべき
The addition of appropriate introductory phrases helps substantially improve the flow of information by clarifying the correlation between consecutive sentences, e.g., “Additionally”/”Moreover”/”Furthermore” for a sentence providing information that supports the information stated in the preceding sentence, “Conversely”/“However” for a sentence describing information that is contrary, “Therefore”/“Thus” for a sentence describing information that is a result of the information/events decribed in its preceding sentence, and “Thereafter”/”Subsequent(ly)” for a sentence describing events that immediately follow those described in the preceding sentence.
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“Additional”/”Moreover”/”Furthermore “は前の文で述べられた情報をサポートする情報を提供する文
“Conversely”/”However “は反対の情報を記述する文
“Therefore”/”Thus “はその前の文で説明した情報/事象の結果である情報を記述する文
“Thereafter”/”Subsequent（ly）”は前の文中で説明したものにすぐに続く事象について記述した文
In scientific writing, abbreviations need to be defined on their first usage as they can differ between fields, and they should be used throughout the document for consistency.
Please define abbreviations at first mention, and use the abbreviation thereafter. As the Abstract, main text, tables, and figure legends are expected to be able to stand on their own, each abbreviation should be defined at its first use in each of these.
An exception is when certain abbreviations are accepted as standard abbreviations by a journal, and do not have to be defined at their first use.
Also, a term that is only used once in any of these is typically not abbreviated.
Using abbreviations incorrectly can confuse readers and decrease comprehension of the text.↓
略語は初出時に定義し、以後はその略語を使用する。ただしAbstract、本文、表、図の凡例は、それぞれ独立したものとして扱われるので、それぞれの略語は、それぞれのセクションで最初に使用される際に定義する
ある略語が雑誌の標準的な略語として認められている場合は例外で、最初の使用時に定義する必要はない
Please note that “in recent years” is always used in conjunction with the present perfect tense, denoting a gradual development. Since you are describving the present-day scenario, it was somewhat illogical here.
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近年≠現在であり、現在完了形が適切
in recent yearsは現在完了形と用いられる
As “suggest” already denotes a possible occurrence, the word “may” was unnecessary here.
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よくある間違い
かもしれないと示唆される：二重の意味
I have deleted this as it confers tautology to the text; possible indicates likelihood just like may.
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よくある間違い
可能性があるかもしれない：二重の意味
Please note that facts and findings established in previous studies are typically described using the present tense. This helps readers to infer that these are not hypotheses being stated by the current study’s authors.
However, when these findings are being described as the products of previous research, then they should be described in the past tense, as they are now being conveyed as the products of past events, and not as currently established facts, e.g., “In the study by ABC et al.,” “In a previous study, ABC occurred…,” or “XYZ et al. reported that…” This is also to aid in readability, so that readers do not misinterpret the sentence as implying that this past research is currently ongoing.↓
基本的には過去の研究結果は現在時制で記載する。
ただし、過去の研究成果との対比などで用いる場合は過去形を用いる。
In academic writing, casual words and phrases are best avoided, as they lend an informal tone. For instance, the verb “about,” “roughly,” or “around” when used in relation to rough values or estimations can be replaced with “approximately” because the latter is more formal and preferred in academic literature.
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”約”としてabout, aroundなどを使いがちであるが、フォーマルにapproximatelyを用いる
A period is used to signify the end of a complete sentence. Since titles or headings are usually not complete sentences, they do not take the period at the end.
↓
Figureなど資料のコメントは文ではないためピリオドを必要としない
the two titles are not successive sentences, and are intended to be read independantly of each other, this title should not cointain the word “also” in reference to the figure legend.
↓
つながりのない二文の間ではalsoなどを使うべきでない
due toは〜のせいで、と言う意味なので悪いものが来るのに対し、because ofはポジティブかネガティブかを問わず使うことが出来るものです
そのため、不用意にdue toを使わないようにしましょう
There are/is も冗長になるのでなるべく使わない。示す先が明確な名詞で始める
「有効性」は英語では「efficacy」「effectiveness」などにあたる。前者は「実験や治験など、理想的な条件で得られる治療の効果の高さ」を示し、後者は「臨床現場など、現実の世界で得られる治療の効果の高さ」を示す。日本語では両方を「有効性」という。
そのため臨床論文ではeffectivenessを使うのが本来的な意味であるが、近年では混同して使われる
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