(a) Spillover Hypothesis: The Spillover Hypothesis suggests that experiences in one domain (e.g., work) ‘spill over’ into another domain (e.g., home). This means that high stress levels at work, for instance, would influence your experience at home. A common example might be someone who works long hours or experiences high stress at work, resulting in less time and energy for home life or leisure activities, thereby increasing their overall stress levels.
(b) Compensation Hypothesis: The Compensation Hypothesis suggests that what is missing in one domain (e.g., work) might be compensated for in another domain (e.g., home). For example, if someone does not find fulfillment at work, they might seek it through their hobbies or home life.
Supporting Argument: Promoting work-life balance initiatives at a national level can lead to greater employee satisfaction and improved productivity, as well as reducing the stress of balancing work and home responsibilities. It also can create more opportunities for women and those with caregiving responsibilities to succeed in the workplace.
Opposing Argument: On the other hand, national promotion of work-life balance initiatives may impose additional costs on businesses. Also, not all employees benefit equally from these initiatives, which may raise issues of fairness.
(a) Spillover Hypothesis: The Spillover Hypothesis suggests that experiences in one domain (e.g., work) ‘spill over’ into another domain (e.g., home). This means that high stress levels at work, for instance, would influence your experience at home. A common example might be someone who works long hours or experiences high stress at work, resulting in less time and energy for home life or leisure activities, thereby increasing their overall stress levels.
(b) Compensation Hypothesis: The Compensation Hypothesis suggests that what is missing in one domain (e.g., work) might be compensated for in another domain (e.g., home). For example, if someone does not find fulfillment at work, they might seek it through their hobbies or home life.
Supporting Argument: Promoting work-life balance initiatives at a national level can lead to greater employee satisfaction and improved productivity, as well as reducing the stress of balancing work and home responsibilities. It also can create more opportunities for women and those with caregiving responsibilities to succeed in the workplace.
Opposing Argument: On the other hand, national promotion of work-life balance initiatives may impose additional costs on businesses. Also, not all employees benefit equally from these initiatives, which may raise issues of fairness.
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1.生命維持治療の差し控えと中止（Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment） これは、病状が末期であるなど、生命維持治療が患者の福祉を向上させないと判断された場合に、その治療を開始しない（差し控える）または終了する（中止する）ことを指します。これは患者の尊厳を尊重し、無益な苦痛を避けるために重要です。
Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment This refers to the decision not to initiate (withhold) or to stop (withdraw) life-sustaining treatment when it is judged that the treatment will not improve the patient’s welfare, such as in terminal conditions. It’s important in respecting the patient’s dignity and avoiding unnecessary suffering.
2.ケアの倫理（Ethics of care） ケアの倫理は、医療の文脈での対人関係の重要性を強調する倫理的アプローチです。この観点では、共感、配慮、関心、責任などが特に重視されます。
Ethics of care The ethics of care is an ethical approach that emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships in the context of healthcare. This perspective particularly values empathy, consideration, interest, and responsibility.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is a method used to ensure that an embryo created via in-vitro fertilization does not carry certain genetic diseases. While this offers the benefit of reducing the risk of genetic diseases, it also includes issues of genetic selection and potential discrimination.
4.正義(公正)原則（Principle of justice） 正義原則は、医療の文脈での公平な資源の配分や、すべての患者に対する公平な治療を要求する倫理的原則です。
しばしばケアの倫理と対比して考えられる原則です。
Principle of justice The principle of justice is an ethical principle that demands fair distribution of resources and equal treatment of all patients in the context of healthcare.
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1.質問紙調査におけるプリテスト（Pretesting in questionnaire surveys）
Pretesting in questionnaire surveys Pretesting is the process of testing the design and content of a questionnaire before the actual survey. It helps to identify issues and improve the questionnaire.
2.尺度翻訳におけるバックトランスレーション（Back translation in scale translation）
Back translation in scale translation Back translation is a process used to check the quality of translation, where it is retranslated back into the original language. It allows the assessment of the accuracy of translation and the making of necessary revisions.
3.質問紙調査におけるキャリーオーバー効果（Carryover effects in questionnaire surveys） キャリーオーバー効果は、ある質問の回答が次の質問の回答に影響を与える現象を指します。これは調査の信頼性と妥当性に影響を及ぼす可能性があります。
Carryover effects in questionnaire surveys Carryover effects refer to the phenomenon where the response to one question influences the response to the next question. This can potentially impact the reliability and validity of the survey.
Semi-structured interview A semi-structured interview is an interview format in which the interviewer has a set of predefined questions, but is free to adjust the order of questions and ask additional questions to probe for detailed answers.
Publication bias Publication bias refers to the bias where studies with certain results (typically statistically significant results) are more likely to be published than studies with other results.
GWAS: Genome-Wide Association Studyの略で、ゲノム全体をほぼカバーするような、50万個以上の一塩基多型の遺伝子型を決定し、その頻度と、疾患や量的形質との関連を統計的に調べる方法論である。多くの疾患の新規疾患感受性遺伝子同定に貢献している。多くの複雑疾患のリスクのeffect sizeは小さく、概してオッズ比1.2以下であることが判明した。しかし、Visscherらのreviewにまとめられているように、疾患によっては、生物学的知見も蓄積され、疾患に至る主要なパスウェイが同定されるなど、一つの有望なツール。
一様分布する独立なX,Yがあった時、X＋Yはどのような分布に従うか：
独立な二つの一様分布の確率変数 X と Y の和（X + Y）は、三角分布（あるいは台形分布）に従います。これは、畳み込みの結果として生じます。
畳み込みとは、一つの関数と別の関数がどのように”合わさる”かを表す演算で、確率変数の和の分布を求めるために使われます。具体的には、二つの独立な確率変数 X と Y の確率密度関数 f(x) と g(y) があるとき、X + Y の確率密度関数 h(z) は以下のように表されます：h(z) = ∫ f(x)g(z – x) dx
Precede-Proceedモデルは、公衆衛生プログラムの計画、実施、評価のためのフレームワークを提供するものです。Precede（Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation）とProceed（Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development）の2つのフェーズから成り立っています。
QALY（Quality-Adjusted Life Year）： QALYは、「質の調整された生存年数」として翻訳されることが多く、医療介入の効果を評価するための指標の一つです。これは、生存年数と生活の質を一つの数値に統合することで、異なる医療介入の効果を比較可能にするものです。医療資源の配分の際の選択基準として使用されることもあり、その公平性や妥当性に関する倫理的議論の対象となっています。
(7) Child Death Review は、子供の死亡原因を詳細に調査し、予防策の提案や実施を目的としたプロセスです。日本においては、子どもの死亡事例を再検討するための制度の整備が進行中で、特定の死因や背景を持つ子どもの死亡事例についての検討が進められています。 根拠となる法律は成育基本法、死因究明等推進基本法で、現在は都道府県予防のための子どもの死亡検証（Child Death Review）体制整備モデル事業が進行中です。
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